The oxygen sensor is a galvanic battery that generates a small voltage depending on the oxygen content of the exhaust gas. This voltage input is included in the feedback loop with the PCM to maintain the ideal air/fuel ratio of 14.7:1 for ideal catalyst operation. OBD-II systems on vehicles built from 1996 onwards make use of two oxygen sensors (one before and one after the
Catalytic Converter), use to monitor the efficiency of the converter and predict failures. There are usually two heated oxygen sensors in four cylinder models. The upstream or pre-catalytic converter sensor is located in the front exhaust pipe or exhaust manifold. Many V6 models have either two or four oxygen sensors depending on model year and configuration. The upstream sensor is typically in the exhaust manifold, while the downstream sensor is on the front exhaust pipe or between the catalytic converters. One oxygen sensor is usually positioned downstream of each catalytic converter. All oxygen sensors are heated to improve warm-up time, and care must be exercised during service so that either oxygen soldering beads or connectors will not be damaged. When changing a sensor, it is recommended to warm up the engine to facilitate removal, switch off the ignition, and raise the vehicle securely if required. The oxygen sensor must not be damaged by using a special oxygen sensor socket to unscrew the sensor. Also, the electrical connector must be disconnected. When reusing a sensor, it's best practice to apply anti-seize to the threads. Next, install the sensor and reconnect the electrical harness. Finally, take a test drive to check for trouble codes.